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improvement to be provided at the developer's expense,i? Although tl~e term exactio[~ as used in ordinary speech may have a Certain negative connotation?8 de,~eloper exactions when properly applied are valid, commonly used regulatory tools. Exaction requirements typically fall into one of four categories: (1) that land be dedicated for streets, parks, utility easements, and school sites; (2) that improvements be constructed or installed on land so dedicated; (3) that fees be paid in lieu of compliance with dedication or improvement provisions; and (4) that developers pay impact or facility fees reflecting their respective prorated shares of the costs of providing new roads, utility systems, parks, and other public facilities serving the entire area.TM Traditionally, the land and improvements that developers have been expected to provide have been located "on-site" (within or on the perimeter of project boundaries), because such exactions must principally serve the residents or users of the development. However, many public facilities (including schools) serve far more than a single development, and "in-kind" dedications for public facility sites and improvements are not easily divisible or 17. Batch v. Town of Chapel Hill, 92 N.C. App. 601,613,376 S.E.2d 22, 26 (1989), rev'don other grounds, 326 N.C. 1,387 S.E.2d 655 (1990), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 931 (1990), quoting Richard D. Ducker, ~Taking Found lot Beach Access Dedication Requirement," Local Government Law Bulletin No. 30 (1987): 2. 18. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictiona/y, s.v. 'exaction": 1. The action of demanding and enforcing payment (of fees, taxes, penalties, etc.); an instance of the same. 2. The act of demanding or requiring more than is due or customary; an instance of the same; an illegal or exorbitant demand; extortion. 3. A use of money which is exacted; an arbilrary and excessive imposl. 19. Batch, 92 N.C. App. at 613, 376 S.E.2d at 26. T- ~ 3!